Diolch yn fawr, Lywydd. Can I thank everyone who has taken part in what I think was a very constructive, insightful debate? And lots of common themes have emerged.

Can I just start with Jeremy Miles? I think this point that technology can out-trump geography is correct, but I think the other side of that is that it has made all of our urban areas a part, then, of the actual cities we’re talking about: Neath Port Talbot into Swansea, but by the time you get to Bridgend, it’s Swansea or Cardiff. This is, I think, a great liberation. Gareth Bennett made this point that we’ve always looked at the hinterland—that is true—but now I think it’s much more on the general urban offer, rather than extractive industries in particular. And cities are very popular. I think that’s one thing we’ve really got to remember—very popular with younger people; that’s where they’re moving, generally. Jeremy also talked about this concept of involving citizens and inclusivity, and it was picked up again, by several of today’s speakers, but the Minister mentioned this as well and related it to well-being. I think that’s really important and is something I completely agree with.

Suzy talked about her own direct experience of poor air quality and pollution wafting over Swansea bay, and mentioned the great new university campus on Swansea bay. It was remiss of me not to mention universities, because they really are key players in our cities. But, yes, this is a real issue. You mentioned the citizen engagement in the tidal lagoon, and I think those of us who listened to Charles Hendry earlier—he said that it was one of the remarkable things that there was obvious citizen support for the concept.

Neil McEvoy, I think it’s really important that we preserve green areas, and I’m glad you mentioned woodlands, because I think urban woodlands are very, very significant. However, I think cities have to develop. We do need more housing and I think Janet mentioned the housing crisis. But perhaps we need to ask questions now, and engage with the people who are going to be, say, in their mid or late thirties in 10 years and say, ‘Well, what sort of housing offer would be acceptable to you now?’, because we will have to change. The old view of a fairly large semi-detached house with grounds surrounding it: we can’t build that sort of dwelling. It may be more—. An alternative is a more densely compact one, but, still, it’s bigger than what we have at the moment. A lot of apartments are not suitable, really, for family life. Go to the continent: large apartments. You go to one of the great cities of central Europe—Prague or Vienna—and what strikes you, if you go to someone’s home, is how large they’re apartments are, and then they’ll have a communal garden that everyone can enjoy. That may be something we need to look at, so that we use our land more effectively.

Nick Ramsay mentioned Milton Keynes, which is 50; you mentioned the roundabouts, but not the concrete cows, which, I’m sure, was a good choice. Cardiff bay is in that sort of category, I think, in terms of the ambition of its transformation, and I think Milton Keynes, you would say, is actually an example of good planning, generally, but there have been past planning howlers. You were right to mention that. The great Sue Essex, of course, was an Assembly Member in the first two Assemblies, and I believe she was a town planner. She was certainly chair of the planning committee and brought great insight to these matters, but humility, sometimes, is also quite important.

Can I thank Gareth Bennett for talking about road and rail congestion? That really is a major, major issue. It can be managed, but, again, it needs lots of flexible solutions. I think the students in Cardiff add a lot to our city. There, the university has been very flexible and innovative in the housing offer, and they’re building some really striking new buildings, and students are quite demanding. Why young people are not as demanding as students about their housing is a mystery to me, but perhaps we should find out.

Janet then also mentioned the demographic challenge of elderly and disabled people in particular. We need to remember them in our urban design—very, very important—and she and several others talked about alternative transport—walking and cycling. Can I just say—I go back—we need to look at our road networks again? Some of them should be designated to just public transport. Some should now become cycling and walking routes. We need real ambition to change our wonderful urban spaces so that they will become world beaters.