Part of the debate – in the Senedd at 4:22 pm on 5 December 2018.
Boom boom. [Laughter.]
There were great achievements in the Neolithic, as you're about to discover. In north-west Europe, where we find ourselves, the Neolithic ran from about 4,500 BC to 1,700 BC, although exactitude in these matters is not particularly helpful. No-one woke up one day and said, 'Ah, the Neolithic is over and the Bronze Age has begun', but we do like to use these categories. But what marks out the Neolithic period above all is farming and settlements. But there were other great achievements too: pottery, statuettes, figurative art, decorations such as spirals, chevrons and lozenges, pictograms, ideograms, axes and even rudimentary food preservation. It was a time of remarkable technological invention and discovery.
Now, all of the sites that I will refer to in my short debate appear on the rolling photo presentation that is now playing on the screen. I want to start with Tinkinswood in the Vale of Glamorgan. It is one of my favourite places. I've walked there and spent time there, read poetry there, discussed eruditely, I hope, with some Members in this Chamber, indeed, whilst pondering and looking at that monument. It does remind me, anyway, of the amazing achievements of our ancestors in prehistory. I believe it is really important that we respect and celebrate these achievements.
I'd like now to turn to John Davies, and what he says about Tinkinswood in what I think remains a mesmerising history, A History of Wales—surely the greatest one-volume history yet written, and we have some really magnificent one-volume histories of Wales, going back to David Williams. But John Davies starts that work with a chapter titled, 'The Beginnings: Paviland, Tinkinswood and Llyn Cerrig Bach', and I think it's absolutely the right context to set. Tinkinswood demonstrates the growing mastery over environment that is really the mark of the Neolithic, and just think: the capstone on that monument would have required 200 men to put it in place—just remarkable organisation. And it was built after much of the woodland in the Vale of Glamorgan had been cleared away by the new technology—the new axes. Because after the end of the Ice Age, we had a period of thick temperate forests over most of Wales, and much of that was cleared, then, to make way for farming. And activity in this part of Wales was heavily influenced by the culture of Brittany, and I now quote from John Davies: